Linguistic Diversity Essay

All youngsters merit a youth program or instruction that perceives and regards their family, network, and etymological assorted variety. In this country, there are offspring of all ethnic and social foundations. â€Å"For small kids to create and adapt ideally, the youth proficient must be set up to meet their differing formative, social, etymological, and instructive necessities. Youth teachers face the test of how best to react to these necessities. † (NAEYC, 1991) With that passed on, I obviously, accept that giving a youngster quality etymological differing study halls will permit them to develop and learn in an increasingly effective manner. Thusly, in this postulation, I will talk about the significance of having family and social inclusion in language obtaining, formal English in the youth study hall and to wrap things up drenching programs. Let us initially characterize what etymological randomness is. â€Å"Linguistically and socially different is an instructive term utilized by the U. S. Division of Education to characterize youngsters took a crack at instructive projects who are either non-English-capable (NEP) or restricted English-capable (LEP). Instructors utilize this expression, etymologically and socially assorted, to distinguish youngsters from homes and networks where English isn't the essential language of correspondence. † (Garcia 1991). First learning the families and social contribution in language securing is basic. In this day and time, one must regard the issue of language in the child’s home. I have come to discover as far as I can tell with home visits and meetings that various societies have various methods of imparting. Exploration has indicated that the substance of family structure in verbal correspondence accomplishment is critical concerning the â€Å"talkativeness in families in affecting language securing as opposed to the family’s financial status or ethnic gathering personality. Contrasts in language use were ascribed to the unpredictable family cultureâ€not just because of financial status or ethnic gathering personality. † (Otto, 2010)Just as your families, have rules for the family unit with respect to when youngsters talk and when grown-ups talk, so do different societies. In certain societies or ethnic foundation, kids are not permitted to talk except if they are spoken as well. They are beautiful much observed and not heard to an expand. Different societies I have discovered that the youngster is permitted to state regardless of how deferential or discourteous it might be. In any case, the examination has demonstrated that kids who are permitted to talk more have been found to score higher in language aptitudes, for example, jargon development and use. Accordingly, these kids will in general be increasingly social and fruitful in every aspect of improvement. Our content states there are five quality highlights in parents’ language communication with their youngsters that we can take a gander at to help get to them: †¢ Language decent variety: the variety and measure of things and modifiers utilized by the guardians, †¢ Feedback tone: the positive input given to children’s cooperation in the collaboration, †¢ Symbolic accentuation: the accentuation put on concentrating on names and related relations of the ideas and the review of those images, †¢ Guidance style: parental association that pre-owned asking as opposed to requesting in inspiring explicit conduct from the kid and, †¢ Responsiveness: parental responsiveness to solicitations or questions started by kids. (Otto, 2010) All these characteristics can assist you with finding the most ideal approach to work with the families and child’s language aptitudes. In taking a gander at the characteristics of correspondence with kids, we additionally need to take a gander at the instructive exercises in the study hall. Guidance exercises in the study hall ought to include explicit kinds of correspondence and relations. At the point when educators are taking a gander at formal English, â€Å"they must recollect that the subsequent language should initially target language in oral conversational structure preceding having the option to successfully secure the scholarly register and composed structure utilized instructive setting. † (Otto, 2010) Three methodologies that include exact language capabilities identified with formal English and scholastic register. They are: †¢ Cognitive remembers composed and hands for assets. The system must incorporate the methodology that utilizes the psychological procedures. †¢ Metacognitive incorporates assets that assess their prosperity. When a kid starts to ponder their own learning, they would then be able to start to see how they realize, how others learn and how they may revise how they figure out how to turn out to be progressively effective. This procedure may incorporate arranging or arranging, overseeing, observing, and afterward assessing their learning procedure. †¢ Social-full of feeling would be a collaboration action with peers. It can incorporate posing inquiries to rearrange data or self-conversing with positive articulations. Formal English in the study hall gets basic in adapting particularly while moving into higher evaluations in both verbal and composed correspondence. At long last yet critically, we have to see inundation programs. In submersion programs, the proposed language is utilized to train normal instructive subjects, for example, math and science. Understudies are then expected to accomplish indistinguishable guidelines in these subjects from understudies learning thanks to their first language. Drenching programs have objectives that include: †¢ â€Å"advanced levels of useful capability in second language perusing, composing, talking and listening perception; †¢ age-proper degrees of home language ability; †¢ grade-fitting degrees of scholastic accomplishment in non-language subjects, for example, science; and †¢ a comprehension and valuation for the way of life of the objective language gathering. † (LIC, 2008) Teachers in places that incorporate drenching projects ought to be familiar with both the language being instructed and their first language. Achievement rates are gigantic in the United States and keep on sore in the study halls. Giving chances to fabricate language abilities is fundamental in today’s society. We have such huge numbers of various ethnical and social foundations. Every language brings a special and basic trademark. We should keep on improving our language aptitudes in ourselves and in the homeroom. We do need all understudies to be successful and accomplish their objectives at the most elevated level conceivable. I trust it would be a brain desensitizing world on the off chance that we didn't have the assorted variety in this incredible nation of our own. In survey, this theory took a gander at how family and social inclusion in language procurement is significant. Formal English in the study hall is fundamental for an understudy to arrive at their most significant standard without limit and with submersion programs; understudies can in any case be interesting and effective simultaneously. References Hakuta, K. , and E. Garcia. 1989. Bilingualism and training. American Psychologist 44 (2): 374â€79. Language Immersion Center (LIC) 2008 Retrieved from: http://www. kke. ee/list. php? lang=eng&menus_ID=1&pages_ID=1&mark=0 National Association for the Education of Young Children (NAEYC) and National Association of Early Childhood Specialists in State Departments of Education (NAECS/SDE). 1991. Recovered from: http://www. naeyc. organization/records/naeyc/document/positions/PSDIV98. PDF Otto, B. (2010). Language improvement in youth (third ed). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson.

Glass in Architecture Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Glass in Architecture - Term Paper Example The primary focal point of this paper will be on the compositional utilization of glass in development of structures and parts of structures. Glass comes in different structures and types. They differ from look, weight, surface and shading among different viewpoints and in this paper we will look further and further into the sorts of glasses and their properties concentrating predominantly on three kinds of glass in particular; skim glass, safety glass and covered glass. The paper will likewise hope to find the ramifications of every single kind of glass, referenced above with connection to its structure of plan in a compositional perspective. Qualities and conduct of each sort of glass will likewise be assessed, and its belongings in development discussed1. Buoy glass is a sort of glass that is manufactured or made by coasting fluid structure glass on liquid metal still in its fluid structure explicitly the tin metal which is for the most part utilized, and afterward permitting the glass to cool and solidify. Tin is typically picked due to its synthetic capacity to retain liquid glass in its fluid structure and permits it to cool where it keeps up the smooth fluid surface of the glass, after its solidifying and leaves no space for a coarse inclination when the glass dries. Customarily, glass was made by blowing liquid glass or the fluid type of glass and afterward laying it on a level surface when still hot and fluid before it has arrived at the cooling temperature. This has since changed, and the procedure has become a lot simpler contrasted with the conventional one. From the coasting procedure, the outcome is a level, smooth and an even sheet of glass which can be made into thick or flimsy level sheets and furthermore in various size s, which can be, further resized into little sheets relying upon the reason for which the glass was shaped to serve. Buoy glass is usually produced using a combination of lime and pop, and the procedure for making this kind of glass is otherwise called the Pilkington procedure. This kind of glass is for the most part utilized for making window sheets, a

Project Feasibility Study Example

Project Feasibility Study Example Project Feasibility Study â€" Assignment Example > 7.0 References ……………………………………………………………………………………13Executive Summary 1.0 IntroductionThe main purpose of this document is to provide a feasibility study for the University security systems that are going to be implemented in a new building. The document will also address some of the controls that need to be considered for the project to turn out as a success. This particular security systems feasibility plan will also delineate on responsibilities and expected behaviors for the individuals who will be using the security systems in all sorts of ways. Therefore this security systems feasibility plan should be viewed as a documentation of the structured process that will be used to plan for adequate, cost effective security protection for human and tangible assets that will be found within the vicinity of the university building (CPI, 2008,p. 2). Each security plan is developed in accordance to the guidelines set forth by the university guide for establishing such security plans together with the applicable risk mitigation strategies. 2.0 Project Initiation 2.1 ObjectiveThe objectives of this particular brief are to outline the University security systems plan. Security systems here refer to the technological products that are used to safeguard unauthorized access and intrusion of the university buildings, or other tangible and non-tangible assets like information (Security Bureau, 2000, p. 3). This plan will mainly dwell on the security systems that are required within the university building. Our plan is going to be consistent with the entire campus wide plan pertaining to security system and security in general whereby this particular security systems plan has also been established in consultation with the campus chief information security officer (Fennelly, 2003, p. 106). In order for success to be achieved, this particular plan will be geared towards identifying potential security threats and d evising mitigation mechanisms before security breaches happen. This is so because proper security mechanism should safeguard personnel, prevent unauthorized access to equipments, facility, information, sabotage and damage by devising various active and passive measures (Roper, 1996, p. 1). 2.2 ScopeThe scope of this particular plan will focus on the below areas: College assets within the university building Safeguarding students and workers within the new building from crime and any other violent activity Student’s assets such as laptops and mobile phonesUniversity specific information such as student’s academic employment information Teaching and non-teaching staff information Technological infrastructure that support the computing needs of the new building 2.3 Approach The university is going to implement the following approach to ensure that there is compliance with security systems requirements. Identifying and tracking the security hazards. Identifying system security in stallation procedures and design criteria that are in line with the security philosophy established by the university to counter threats and vulnerabilities to the university. Interacting with design engineers throughout the entire design stage of any new facility being established in order to ensure that sound security concepts are involved. Elaborate plan of specific tasks which will encourage receiving of feedback in the best manner possible so that they may be included into designing and manufacturing at the early stages in order to avoid delaying the plan and incurring additional costs. Interacting with Project managers during the project phases in order to ensure that the unit designs integrate properly with the overall system security requirements. Acquiring products that are certified with relevant bodiesGoing for products that are energy efficient so that we may have a “green campus” Testing the main system together with its modules including all the security aspects D ocumenting the project phasesMonitoring the security systems program (Smith, 2008, p. 5).

Study On Initial Public Offerings And Going Public Finance Essay - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 5 Words: 1454 Downloads: 5 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Finance Essay Type Research paper Did you like this example? [Synopsis: This is a 4 page research paper, written in APA format discussing the type of IPO that E-bay should use to take Skype public. This is based on the type of investors Skype is likely to attract, lessons learned from Google and Morningstar from their auction IPOs and the cost and risks of each of the two types of IPO. The paper further describes the steps that a firm must take in order to go public, identifies success factors for a firm making the IPO decision and discusses and analyzes the different types of IPOs. The paper relies on 5 sources.] Abstract Initial Public Offerings transforms a privately owned company to a public one with an onset of a new trading opportunity. Several steps should be taken for a company to realize successful IPO, starting with the companys registration with Securities and Exchange Commission. IPO offers companies an opportunity for growth and expansion through gaining access to public capital market that has no interes t charge. There are several types of IPO, the common ones being the traditional IPO and the online auction. Companies like Google and Morningstar that utilized online auction initially encountered opposition but eventually succeeded. This paper discusses the IPO method that Skype should employ in its IPO venture, and gives benefits for companies considering IPO as well as IPO steps to be taken. The Type of IPO That E-Bay Should Use To Take Skype Public E-bay should use online IPO auction instead of the traditional IPO to go public. This is because unlike the traditional IPO which is limited to a few investors, calls for an underwriter and sets the price of IPO based on companys anticipated capital as well as the amount of shares to be offered, online auction gives an opportunity to a large number of people to participate in the auction and limits the number of middle men thus cutting down on the cost involved in IPO as well as the final IPO price (Stock Market Investors, 2008) . Going by the case of Google, whereby the initial investment return was lower than anticipated Skype is projected to increase its revenue by more than double and therefore should the company encounter lower investment returns than projected, it will easily accommodate the changes. Furthermore, such low investment returns would only be for a short period of time and returns would increase as the company provides people with more auction details and use of capital during the auction process. This method was used by Google with some initial resistance but was eventually successful (Hensel, 2005). Since Skype is a well known company that is widely used internationally, it can easily increase publicity on its online auction through advertisement to attract more investors and increase its sale of shares to compensate for the initial low investment returns. Furthermore, the beneficiaries of subsequent price appreciation for the online auction would be the initial investors and co-founders of Skype instead of favored clients of investment bank as is the case with the traditional IPO (Carter, 2005). This means that the initial mispricing in online auction would indirectly benefit the company. As Hensel (2005) highlights, Morningstars public auction was a total success, with 8.4 percent increase on the first trading day. Given the fact that online auction is an upcoming IPO method and people may not have sufficient information on its benefits, it should be given a chance, probably with some amendments such as modifying the quiet period, it will completely overtake the traditional IPO method. The Steps that a Firm Should Take in Order to go Public Initial Public Offerings transforms a privately owned company to a public one with an onset of a new trading opportunity (Stock Market Investors, 2008). The first step that a firm should take in order to trade publicly is to register with the Securities and Exchange Commission (the SEC). This is followed by preparation o f public offering which includes companys prospectus alongside other legal documents required by Securities and Exchange Commission (Stock Market Investors, 2008). The next step after registration with SEC is to set the price of the stock. The company enters into contract with investment bank, signing a contract to facilitate distribution of shares that it intends to sell, agreeing on initial price at which the stocks will be opened for sale, based on companys earnings or potential earnings and growth as well as considerations for markets willingness to accept the set price (Stock Market Investors, 2008). This is followed by the first offers which are usually offered to major broker clients by the companys underwriters. The broker clients then offer the stock bundles to their major institutional and retail customers (Stock Market Investors, 2008). In this chain, each participant gets his own share of profit such that by the time it is the final investors turn, the final price is hig her than the IPO. Success factors for a firm making the IPO decision Any firm going for IPO gets an opportunity for growth and expansion through gaining access to public capital market that has no interest charge because the only reward that IPO investors seek is appreciation of their investment and dividends (Sutton and Benedetto, 1988). Sutton and Benedetto (1988) further explain that the company making an IPO gains increased credibility which may lead to new opportunities, exposure to new customers and room for expansion. Furthermore, the publicity associated with IPO may also generate increased business attention in business press resulting to enhanced credibility for the company with its customers, suppliers and lenders resulting to improved credit. The company going public is able to use stock creatively as incentive packages for its management and employees. This enables the business to attract better management talent, providing its employees with incentives to perform better. In addition, employees who become part time owners through a stock plan may gain motivation by sharing companys success (Sutton and Benedetto, 1988). IPO provides the company with public valuation, making it easier for the company to enter into mergers and acquisitions because it is positioned to offer stock instead of cash (Sutton and Benedetto, 1988). Types of IPOs Brealey, Stewart and Franklin (2008) discuss different types of IPO. One type of IPO is the plain vanila IPO which is undertaken by private companies to secure additional funding and determine its fair market value. A venture capital- backed IPO is another type of IPO in which the company management sells its shares to private investors in return for funding and advice. It is an effective scheme for venture capitalists to implement their exit strategy after successfully transforming a firm in which they invested so that it is financially viable in the market (Brealey, Stewart and Franklin, 2008). Reverse- leveraged buyout is another type of IPO whereby the proceeds of the IPO are utilized in paying out debts accumulated when a firm is privatized after a previous listing on an exchange. A spin -off IPO is the type of IPO whereby a large company carves out a stand-alone subsidiary and sells it to the public. It provides firm owners with an opportunity to capitalize mispricing in both subsidiary and parent if the market is not efficient enough. Other types of IPO include; regulation A Offering, which allows public issuance of securities without registration with SEC. Regulation A only requires an offering statement to be filed with SEC after which advertisements may be made without making any purchases until the statement filed is approved by SEC. Regulation A offering may be used to determine if there is any interest in contemplated securities offering. This type of offering is only available to non-public companies and may be used to raise up to five million USD in any 12 month period , with only $1.5 coming from sale of shares (Brealey, Stewart and Franklin, 2008). Direct Public Offering is the type of IPO whereby the company raises its capital by marketing its shares directly to its own customers, employees, suppliers, distributors and friends in the community. These are alternatives to underwritten public offerings by securities broker dealer firms where a companys shares are sold to brokers customers and prospects. Direct public offering is less expensive than IPOs because companies sell their offerings without brokers, hence no commissions are involved. The best candidates for DPO are companies seeking expansion capital (Brealey, Stewart and Franklin, 2008). Conclusion IPO offers a firm an opportunity to increase its revenue and increase its popularity with the public. The type of IPO venture chosen by the company is important because it determines the companys level of success in the venture, hence a wise decision should be made, based on the amount o f capital that the company intends to raise and planned expenses for the venture. Traditional IPO is popularly used although with increasing internet technology, online auction may gain popularity and overtake the traditional IPO. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Study On Initial Public Offerings And Going Public Finance Essay" essay for you Create order

Loving The Leviath Thomas Hobbes And The Foundations Of...

Loving the Leviathan: Thomas Hobbes and the Foundations of Civic Nationalism Supporting the premise of individual rights is the radical concept that liberalism was founded on. As a result, liberals found it quite difficult to embrace and accommodate any strong idea of any form of community. The only exception they accept is the national community where individuals are expected to forsake their personal comfort space and sacrifice when the difficult times arise. The paper ‘’Loving the Leviathan: Thomas Hobbes and the Foundations of Civic Nationalism,’’ argues that the connection between liberalism and nationalism is not only a  «historical marriage of convenience » where liberalisms’s function is oriented more for the internal politics,†¦show more content†¦The author also insists saying that civic nationalism does not seem to be a native or fundamental liberal concept. Kane argues that the connection between liberalism and civic national ism is not a theoretically accidental as it first seems. To support his view, he chose to return to the work of one of the most influential political theorist, Thomas Hobbes, in order to come to an understanding of the debated issue. Hobbes reputation can not be described as a nationalist the way this term is understood in our present days. Kane, will argue that Hobbes very sternest of his naturalistic and individualist premises created a ‘‘theoretical dilemma that pointed toward the inculcation of nationalistic sentiment.’’ However, according to the author, naturalistic, implies love of one’s nation. On the other hand, we know of Hobbes being quite contemptuous of the passion of love. Therefore, the complex attitude that Hobbes expressed on this subject, is the issue the author proposed for examination. Kane quotes Patapan and Sikkenga stating that Hobbes was aware of the philosophical tradition that started with Plato in which love as Eros served a s a central element. He aimed to totally reject this hypothesis and instead insisted on placing political theory on

Why Will IT Continue To Affect Education Education Essay Free Essays

Research shows that Information Technology will go on to impact instruction because it adjusts to larning manners and is in demand, despite cost and pupil disablements. Jennifer Cromley provides considerations of utilizing computing machines in instruction. It discusses the countries where computing machines are and are non utile in instruction. We will write a custom essay sample on Why Will IT Continue To Affect Education Education Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now It besides provides utile advice. The article contains many mentions with back uping and opposing point of views. The writer is an Assistant Professor of Educational Psychology. The article was published in Focus on Basics magazine. It is a quarterly magazine for practicians created by The National Center for the Study of Adult Learning and Literacy ( NCSALL ) .NCSALL is a research and development centre and is funded by assorted authorities and educational establishments. It supports the thought that computing machines can be used by handicapped pupils and enhances larning. It is besides used for an opposing point of view in the debut ( Cromley, 2000 ) . Farr, G. ( 2009 ) . Mad magazine to Facebook: what have we learned? . Teacher Librarian, 36 ( 5 ) , 30-32. The Shannon Learning Center in Texas supports the usage of engineering in the schoolroom. It quotes a rule, contains illustrations from his yesteryear and a nexus to a picture to back up his points. The picture efficaciously demonstrates a demand from pupils to be allowed the usage of cell phones in school. The pupils likely have an subterranean motivation, but the article provides a possible solution. Gregg Farr is a high school rule in Texas at Shannon Learning Center. The journal article was published in Teacher Librarian: The Journal for School Library Professionals. It has been printing the diary for 30 old ages. It is used to back up the decision that Information Technology will go on to impact instruction due to a demand from pupils ( Farr, 2009 ) . Gulchak, D. ( 2008 ) . Using a nomadic handheld computing machine to learn a pupil with an emotional and behavioural upset to self-monitor attending. Education A ; Treatment of Children, 31 ( 4 ) , 567-581. Daniel Gulchak discusses surveies that show how computing machines can help handicapped pupils instruction by supplying behavioural feedback. He specifically describes a survey conducted on a person that utilizes a hand-held computing machine with the intent of proving its effectivity on a pupil with an attending upset. The computing machine is used to assist the pupil better his ain behaviour during a undertaking. The survey concluded that behaviour improved by 34 % . Academicians improved as a consequence because it improved his ability to be taught. The writer reveals that more surveies need to be done and that the survey does non supply grounds that the computing machine was more effectual than traditional methods. Daniel Gulchak has his ain web site, a Doctoral grade, and works at the Institute for Human Development. Education A ; Treatment of Children is a diary published by the West Virginia University Press. The journal article is used to demo that computing machines can be adapted for disablements ( Gulchak, 2008 ) . Hargadon, S. ( 2010, March 1 ) . Educational networking: The function of Web 2.0 in instruction [ available full-text, free ] . Multimedia A ; Internet @ Schools. Retrieved March 8, 2010, from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.mmischools.com/Articles/Editorial/Features/Educational-Networking-The-Role-of-Web-2.0-in-Education-5bAvailable-Full-Text2c-Free5d-61342.aspx This article describes how societal networking has enhanced educational networking and assists professional development. It discusses how societal networking can do the acquisition experience more efficient, convenient, and gratifying. It is a good beginning for pedagogues to utilize for considerations when implementing educational networking. Steve Haragon has his ain web site and is a Social Learning Consultant that has founded a societal acquisition web known as Classroom 2.0. The article was published in Multimedia A ; Internet @ Schools magazine. The magazine is a usher to electronic tools for instructors. I found this beginning seeking to happen the publishing house of one of the original beginnings. I exchanged beginnings because the original beginning ‘s publishing house no longer existed ; it is newer and better than the original. It is used in confederation with another beginning to demo how Information Technology and adjusts to larning manners. It provides an illust ration of how educational networking can be cost efficient ( Hargadon, 2010 ) . Hinchliff, G. ( 2008 ) . Toddling toward engineering: Computer usage by really immature kids. Children A ; Libraries: The Journal of the Association for Library Service to Children, 6 ( 3 ) , 47-49. The Association for Library Service to Children ( ALSC ) discusses many surveies that show computing machines are good to immature kids. It mentions more surveies that need to be done and identifies some of the jobs and makes suggestions for the usage of computing machines for immature kids ‘s instruction. Gaye Henchliff is a librarian who created this diary article for the Research and Development Committee at ALSC. ALSC concentrates on doing libraries better for kids. The article is used to demo that computing machines can be utilized to better instruction among immature and handicapped kids because it enhances their learning experience ( Hinchliff, 2008 ) . O’Lawrence, H. ( 2006 ) . The influences of distance larning on grownup scholars. Techniques: Connecting Education A ; Careers, 81 ( 5 ) , 47-49. Techniques: Connecting Education A ; Careers discusses factors refering grownups in distance acquisition plans. It is utile to utilize as a resource for finding whether to inscribe in on-line class reveals some of the jobs associated with distance acquisition. Henry O’Lawrence works in the Occupational Studies Department at California State University. The diary published by the Association for Career and Technical Education ( ACTE ) . ACTE was founded in 1926 and is a primary association for the betterment of instruction. It is used to demo a demand for information engineering in instruction for distance acquisition and provides some opposing points ( O’Lawrence, 2006 ) . Pelham, B. , Crabtree, S. , A ; Nyiri, Z. ( 2009 ) . Technology and instruction. Harvard International Review, 31 ( 2 ) , 74-76. The Harvard International Review discusses the contention environing whether computing machines are cost and educationally efficient. It shows that some hapless states have higher tonss due to computing machines. It gives an illustration of pupils in Nigeria that did an analysis using energy efficient computing machines provided by the One Laptop Per Child plan initiated by President Clinton. Three writers worked on this to be published in the Harvard International Review, which is a extremely respected forum for educational argument. It is used to demo that Information Technology is cost efficient and in demand by the authorities in instruction. It provides grounds that computing machines will go on to impact instruction ( Pelham, Crabtree A ; Nyiri, 2009 ) . Thilmany, J. ( 2008 ) . A fount for you. Mechanical Engineering, 130 ( 9 ) , 18. The American Society of Mechanical Engineers ( ASME ) reveals a new manner of runing computing machines that is being developed at the University of Washington in Seattle. It describes the manner many things are adjustable to our demands, and it makes a contrast to the manner computing machines have typically been inactive. The new system is described to be used for people with disablements, but it is a good illustration to demo how computing machines can alter for the benefit of each person. The writer is presently one of the Associate Editors of Mechanical Engineering Magazine, the magazine of ASME. The article is from the same magazine. ASME is the taking professional community to assist applied scientists work out jobs by the usage of communicating. It besides develops codifications and criterions to advance the growing of cognition and safety. The article is used to show how the adaptability of computing machines can forestall a disablement from being a factor for runing a compu ting machine. It is besides used to in concurrence with another beginning to show how computing machines can accommodate to help acquisition manners ( Thilmany, 2008 ) . Thilmany, J. ( 2009 ) . Calculating. Mechanical Engineering, 131 ( 7 ) , 14-16. Jean Thilmany covers the application of some of the latest technological thoughts ensuing from the usage of computing machines. The subjects covered are: potentially bettering the design of a dust mask, a better apprehension of the behavioural consequence of picture games on pupils, the demand for more coders for the United States to remain up to day of the month in computing machine simulations, a new signifier of web that makes it faster to treat big sums of informations, new package utilized to aline a camera to find the enlargement of the existence. It can be noticed that computing machines are being applied to many different Fieldss, but it does n’t indicate that out in the article. The magazine and writer is the same as the old mention. It on occasion quotes research workers, professors, applied scientists, and a plan manager from establishments and refers to major organisations of authoritiess which besides make the article even more utile. The survey of the behavioural consequence of picture games on pupils is used to back up the suggestion made from the old mention by utilizing it as an illustration of an version to video games that resulted in a erudite behaviour form in both surveies, this shows that video games as a acquisition manner was assisted by an accommodation to the game. Part of the article is used to demo a demand by the United States authorities for Information Technology in instruction ( Thilmany, 2009 ) Tsung-Yen, C. , A ; Wei-Fan, C. ( 2009 ) . Consequence of computer-based picture games on kids: An experimental survey. Journal of Educational Technology A ; Society, 12 ( 2 ) , 1-10. The writers describe an experimental survey among 3rd graders at Tainan City, Taiwan. It began with a void research hypothesis saying that picture games do non better learning any more than a typical Computer Assisted Instruction ( CAI ) . It statistically concluded that picture games improve larning but did n’t better judgement. It is suggested that the game used was excessively hard to learn judgement accomplishments. This survey is good to demo how computing machines can better larning when applied decently. Both of the writers have Bachelors, Masters, and Doctorate grades. The Journal of Educational engineering A ; Society is a quarterly academic diary. The beginning is used to turn out how computing machines can be adjusted to better acquisition manners ( Tsung-Yen A ; Wei-Fan, 2009 ) . How to cite Why Will IT Continue To Affect Education Education Essay, Essay examples

Advanced Particle Systems Engineering for Drug -myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theAdvanced Particle Systems Engineering for Drug. Answer: Introduction Concomitant with the advancement in science and technology, a plethora of changes have occurred in terms of the application of certain particles in varied domains. The medical and pharmaceutical industry has witnessed rigorous modifications in terms of wide scale utilization of particles in nanometer (10-9 m) range termed as nanoparticles. In the nanomedicine field, nanoparticles application has gained prominence recently and offers hope in the detection, diagnosis and treatment for various diseases. It has offered hope in the early detection of certain life threatening diseases thereby aiding in subsequent treatments for providing holistic remedy to the situation. Targeted drug delivery is also a possibility amongst the diverse application encompassing diagnostic imaging and differentiation. Large surface-to-mass ratio in addition to increased surface modification sites that renders it with improved drug or bioactive delivery efficiency makes these nanoparticles suitable for targete d drug delivery and is ever expanding (Lin, 2015). Background and Significance Technological breakthrough has widened the horizon for the application of nanoparticles in the medical and pharmaceutical sector. Types of nanoparticles such as polymer, liposome, micelles, silica, metallic particles, and carbon materials all have diverse applications in the medicine and pharmaceutical sectors. High encapsulation of drug or bioactive molecules apart from shielding negative charge of cargo and targeting delivery through ligand-receptor interaction accounts for the improved efficiency in drug delivery. In this respect, mention may be made about the quantum dots that have been found to exert their impacts in nanoparticle based drug delivery system that holds the potential for the enhancement of existing drugs efficacy and paves the way for novel therapies development. Beneficial effects of quantum dots have been evident in mitigation of drug toxicity, improvement of bioavailability, and increase in circulation times. Further, release of controlled drug and its targeting has also been achieved through nanoparticle based drug delivery through use of quantum dots. Additional therapeutic benefits area attained through utilization of properties related to phtothermal therapy and magneto-transfection (Probst et al., 2013). It has been seen that quantum dots acts by means of generating energy in the form of photon of light where the variation in colors occur depending on the energy levels. Recent research has showed that development of biodegradable polymeric vesicles as a mean of nanocarrier system for the purpose of multimodal bio imaging as well as anticancer drug delivery have paved the way for treating life-threatening conditions. An emulsion-evaporation method was utilized in a research study for the encapsulation of inorganic imaging agents comprising of superparamagnetic iron oxide nanaoparticles, busulfan anticancer drug, zinc sulfide quantum dots that is manganese doped into the polymeric compound of PLGA vesicles. In vitro investigation of PLG A vesicle demonstrated its drug delivery capacity through release of busulfan (Ye et al., 2014). Thus, the quantum dots cellular uptake mechanism consisting of three key stages involving endocytosis, sequestration in early endosomes and ultimately traslocation into later endosomes or lysososmes may be held responsible for accentuating the organ targeted drug delivery in case of nanotechnology. Role of Quantum Dots nanoparticles in organ-targeted drug delivery The diverse roles of the nanoparticles have been reported across various literatures owing to the varied properties each of them possess. Pertinent study has laid focus on elucidating the functioning of brain due to negatively charged structures of proteoglycans and sialoglycoconjugates. In this effort, the quantum dots have garnered much attention. The results confirmed that quantum dots have immense potential of acting as vehicle for trafficking proteins into the cells in the brain. Neuronal uptake of green fluorescent protein (GFP) through administration of a histidine-tagged green fluorescent protein to the hppocampal sites affirmed this observation (Walters et al., 2015). Further, the wide range application of quantum dots may also be witnessed through the light of the carbon quantum dots usability. Research has provided empirical evidences in favor of the diverse array of applications concerning the carbon quantum dots in fields of biosensing, bioimaging, nanomedicine and other s. In nanomedicine, the drug delivery system is of significance and carbon quantum dots play vital roles in generating holistic results. Controlled drug release in addition to function as drug carriers and fluorescent tracers are the potential functions of carbon quantum dots. This was backed by evidence received from study in which it was shown that carbon quantum dots when loaded with anticancer drug named doxorubicin was capable of controlling the release of the drug in HeLa cells. Further, it was observed that carbon quantum dots functionalized with polyethylene glycol (PEG) oligomers accounted for rendering longer circulation time in the physiological systems prior to targeting of the selected tissues in attaining localized therapy (Lim, Shen Gao, 2015). Again, relevant study has brought to the forefront that grapheme quantum dots when conjugated with albumin nanoparticles lead to enhancement in the bioavailability as well as sustained drug release property in case of in vitro pancreatic cancer cells. Improved efficacy of the drug delivery system was also noted for the bioimaging technique as an effective vehicle for drug delivery (Nigam et al., 2014). Simultaneous drug delivery targeting alongside cellular imaging has been highlighted in study concerning the folic acid targeted Mn:ZnS quantum dots that revealed promising effects in terms of theranostic applications. Heightened capacity of binding affinity and internalization of the nano carrier towards the overexpressed folate receptor cells was noted through chitosan encapsulated quantum dots functionalization with folic acid (Bwatanglang et al., 2016). Thus, the nanoparticles accounted for giving the quantum dots unique functional abilities that in turn facilitated the organ targeted drug delivery. Limitations and Safety concerns The multitude of benefits associated with quantum dots based nanoparticles has lead to the widespread application of it in the context of medicine and pharmaceutical sectors. However, unlike any other technological interventions, quantum dots have their own potential limitations. There remains possibility of having surface defects for quantum dots that in turn might influence the recombination of electrons. As a result blinking might take place in case of the quantum dots and causing deterioration of the quantum yield of the dots. Moreover, conjugation of quantum dots with other molecules makes it difficult for drug delivery due to increase in size of the particle thereby impeding the biological functions of the quantum dots (Karakoti et al., 2015). Thus, the drug targeting function of these particles may be impaired to some extent. Safety concerns in relation to the use of quantum dots have been a vital issue. Toxicity associated with quantum dots has been alarming as the coatings may be cytotoxic as ut might be damaging to cells. Moreover, it has been cited in study that in case the core of quantum dots are compromised, it might pose threats of toxicity due to the metallic core itself or because of the dissolution of the core. Undesirable changes might set in because of erosion of the shell. Metabolism and degradation within the cell because of quantum dots remains unraveled, while other studies have confirmed its accumulation within the spleen, liver and kidney (Hofmann-Amtenbrink, M., Grainger, D. W., Hofmann, 2015). Conclusion Despite the limitations and safety concerns, the potential benefits and advantages linked to nanoparticles such as that of quantum dots cannot be denied and offer scope for future exploration. Investigations must be carried out focusing on the detailed mechanisms that govern the Quantum Dots application in organ-targeted drug delivery. Efforts must be streamlined to mitigate the limitations and safety concerns as much as practicable. References Bwatanglang, I. B., Mohammad, F., Yusof, N. A., Abdullah, J., Hussein, M. Z., Alitheen, N. B., Abu, N. (2016). Folic acid targeted Mn: ZnS quantum dots for theranostic applications of cancer cell imaging and therapy.International journal of nanomedicine,11, 413. Hofmann-Amtenbrink, M., Grainger, D. W., Hofmann, H. (2015). Nanoparticles in medicine: current challenges facing inorganic nanoparticle toxicity assessments and standardizations.Nanomedicine: Nanotechnology, Biology and Medicine,11(7), 1689-1694. Karakoti, A. S., Shukla, R., Shanker, R., Singh, S. (2015). Surface functionalization of quantum dots for biological applications.Advances in colloid and interface science,215, 28-45. Lim, S. Y., Shen, W., Gao, Z. (2015). Carbon quantum dots and their applications.Chemical Society Reviews,44(1), 362-381. Lin, W. (2015). Introduction: nanoparticles in medicine. Nigam, P., Waghmode, S., Louis, M., Wangnoo, S., Chavan, P., Sarkar, D. (2014). Graphene quantum dots conjugated albumin nanoparticles for targeted drug delivery and imaging of pancreatic cancer.Journal of Materials Chemistry B,2(21), 3190-3195. Probst, C. E., Zrazhevskiy, P., Bagalkot, V., Gao, X. (2013). Quantum dots as a platform for nanoparticle drug delivery vehicle design.Advanced drug delivery reviews,65(5), 703-718. Walters, R., Medintz, I. L., Delehanty, J. B., Stewart, M. H., Susumu, K., Huston, A. L., ... Dawson, G. (2015). The role of negative charge in the delivery of quantum dots to neurons.ASN neuro,7(4), 1759091415592389. Ye, F., Barrefelt, ., Asem, H., Abedi-Valugerdi, M., El-Serafi, I., Saghafian, M., ... Hassan, M. (2014). Biodegradable polymeric vesicles containing magnetic nanoparticles, quantum dots and anticancer drugs for drug delivery and imaging.Biomaterials,35(12), 3885-3894.

SWOT Analysis for Harly Davenson

Decorating a Christmas Tree Essay Example

Decorating a Christmas Tree Essay Example Decorating a Christmas Tree Essay Decorating a Christmas Tree Essay Christmas tree became a tradition that bought the family together at the beginning of the holiday season, and sadly for Mark, I turned into the Christmas Tree Lady From Hell. The first step for decorating the tree is carrying it up from the basement and taking off the plastic cover. Using the vacuum cleaner, I clean the dust off of the tree. Once that is done, we put the tree together as we place it in heavy metal Christmas tree stand. To decorate the tree, we move it close to where its going to stay and go upstairs to dig out all the decorations. It takes two ladders one on each side of he tree, to place the decorations appropriately. Thats when all the real decorating fun begins. The first thing I require Is that all the branches must be bent Into place, starting from the top down. They need to be cautions doing this because after so many years of bending the branches to form a beautifully tree, the metal has started to weaken. Mark and my kids have to make sure each branch curves in the perfect position before I allow them to move onto the next step. Once I am satisfied that the tree branches are prefect, I begin directing them as how to put the lights on. Because f the numerous strands of lights required to cover the tree, I always buy extra lights at the after Christmas sales. As we take the lights out of the boxes, the family groans because I make them check each light strand. As they begin putting on the lights, I stand back and make sure that done of the same color lights are too close together. Once that Job Is accomplished, its time for everyone to take a break because I may have driven them a little nuts. If I can get them back on their feet again, It Is time to start putting on the garland; I always check the garland to make sure there are no are spots. Its always best to have extra garland on hand, just in case of damage over the years. If it checks out k, they can start hanging the garland from the top of the tree and hand it to each other around the tree making sure all the loops are the same. If it doesnt look right, I have a ruler handy so I can measure all the gaps. As soon as this is done, my husband says it is time for a drink before the next step. When the time comes to put on the ornaments, my family doesnt really seem to mind as much. As we gently take them out of the boxes, I can hear the comments my kids are making. Every year my children Antennas and Kyle would receive an ornament from their grandma. When she got to where she couldnt afford to do it anymore I took over buying them. In addition I bought ornaments for my grandchildren. These ornaments have special meaning behind each one. I try to buy ones that relates to something that they have accomplished for that year. This has become a family tradition that can be passed down from generation to generation. Because the ornaments are so dear to ten Tamely we carefully separate teem Day color, Ana style. Each ornament has to be dusted; now the fun begins. I require the ornaments to be hung so none of the same colors are together. We strategically place them on the tree. As soon as thats completed I look the tree over thoroughly to make sure the colors and style of ornaments doesnt clash with each other. Its time for another break; I sometimes think my husband is union. The hardest part is over; all we have left to do is to place the bows on the tree. Next we hang the bows which have a special memory for me. My mom bought them for our first Christmas celebration at our house. We take them out of the boxes where they were stored. Each has to be tragedienne so they look like a perfectly shaped bow. We place one bow at a time on the tree making sure none over lap each other. It is important to be careful not too have them too close together, so as not to cover up the ornaments and lights. After that if I am satisfied that the bows are properly hung right, we can do the final steps. The last step to make the tree perfect is placement of the angel. Shes the most important part of the decorations. I take her out of the box and smooth her dress, wiping the dust off. Then I hand her to my husband at the top of the ladder whos been waiting for this final step. He places the angel at the right angle where she can face the front of the room watching over everybody enjoying their day. Finally its time to for us to scoot the decorated tree into place, and I can lay the beautiful tree skirt beneath the tree, to hide the cords. Now my husband and kids are free so I can finish the rest on my own. Now out comes the tiny village and as I clean it I make sure all the lights work. At this point I set the lighted village in order beneath the tree. After that the model train is cleaned and placed under the tree and around the village. In my eyes the tree is perfect. Decorating the Christmas tree at my house can sometimes drive everybody a little crazy. My husband always makes the comment that he cant wait until we get ready to sell our home to a younger couple so we can pass down the Christmas tree. No matter how annoying I can be putting up the tree it seems to bring us together as a family to decorate it. When the tree is decorated, we turn on the tree lights, the village, and watch the train travel around the tree. Immediately my family knows that its worth all the headaches I put them through. Now we can breathe a little lighter and sit around the fireplace and enjoy our hard work.

Argument Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 6

Argument Analysis - Essay Example is thesis statement is that violent entertainment can be good for children, because it helps them to manage their feelings, especially anger and fear. The fact that his thesis statement is so clear to the reader, makes his overall argument easy to understand and follow, because the reader does not have to guess what the author’s argument is, because it is mentioned in the text. On the one hand, Gerard Jones gives a lot of examples of how violent media has helped children in different situations, including himself and his son. This makes his argument strong and believable, especially, because he writes about working together with Melanie Moore, who is a psychologist. The fact that he is working together with a psychologist makes his argumentation look scientific and professional. On the other hand, he does not use any statistics, which weakens his argumentation that violent entertainment helps a lot of children and only harms a few. His argument would appear to be stronger and even more scientific, if supported by statistics. In addition, the reader might think that not all relevant factors have been considered in the text, because he just claims that violent media is mostly good for children, but does not support it with any data. Gerard Jones seems to target mostly adults, especially those adults who are also parents. In the last part of the text, he uses â€Å"we† (for adults/ parents) and â€Å"they† (for children), for example, he says: â€Å"We moan to other parents† and â€Å"We risk confusing them†. Jones gains his audience’s trust by telling them about his own and his son’s experience with violent media and how it helped both of them. By writing about his experience, the audience feels as if a relationship is established, which in turn makes him trustworthy. So, writing about his own experience is the first part of his strategy and the second part is to write about his work with the psychologist Melanie Moore and examples about how violent media has

Major U.S. Historical Events 1980-Present Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Major U.S. Historical Events 1980-Present - Essay Example When Ronald Reagan was inaugurated president in 1980, his term was ushered in with a wave of new conservatism. Reagan, a military hard-liner and staunch anti-communist, was able to confront the USSR and end the Cold War without precipitating a nuclear disaster. His administration enacted several initiatives that would form the basis of a multi-faceted attack on the USSR. This was accomplished by increased military spending, support of democracy in the Soviet's satellite countries, and crippling the economy of the Soviet Union. These initiatives in unison eroded the communist system and by the end of his term, the Soviets had capitulated. The increase in military expenditures was responsible for the implementation of National Security Defense Directive (NSDD) 32, signed by Reagan in 1982. Its purpose was to financially and covertly support anti-Soviet groups in Eastern Europe (Edward's). As anti-Soviet sentiment rose in Eastern Europe, Reagan enacted NSDD 66, which called for a clandestine economic war on the Soviet Union. It called for limiting the USSR's access to technology as well as curtailing their ability to produce natural gas (Edwards). Embargoing the Soviet economy was coupled with increased pressure exerted by American military goals to bring the Soviet system to a gradual halt during Reagan's administration. The dismantling of the Berlin Wall in 1989, the most celebrated symbol of the victory, ended 40 years of American effort and opened up new opportunities for peace around the world as well as new challenges for America's foreign policy. The ending of the Cold War served to increase the public's belief in America's system of democracy and allowed diplomatic and military resources to be turned towards other endeavors. When Iraq invaded Kuwait in 1990, the memory of the failure to secure a victory in Southeast Asia decades earlier still fomented fears of another Vietnam. Iraq, debt-ridden and weary from years of war with Iran, made a desperate and miscalculated move to invade Kuwait. President George Bush Sr. was able to capitalize on Huessein's miscalculations and through diplomacy and political savvy was able to form a united coalition of nations to stand against Iraqi aggression. Saudi Arabia, a vital American interest, and 14 members of the Arab League joined to condemn Iraq's aggression (Persian Gulf War). Within days, international cooperation led by Bush, resulted in a global embargo against the Iragi regime. Bush, able to unite America under a new wave of national pride, assembled a military team to plan a strategic operation while diplomacy and UN Sanctions worked behind the scenes in an effort to oust the Iraqis from Kuwait. As diplomacy failed and UN deadlines expired, the first air attacks on Iraq began on January 17, 1991 (Atkinson). After more than a month of air strikes, a 4 day ground war decisively expelled Iraq from Kuwait and decimated their military. This rapid victory, with few casualties, placed America as an international military power once again. The coalition victory brought with it new hope for the future of global cooperation to suppress dictators and promote human rights. American pride had been restored and resulted in a new

Spatial Patterns Of Tropical And Temperate Deforestation Environmental Sciences Essay

Spatial Patterns Of Tropical And Temperate Deforestation Environmental Sciences Essay Global deforestation has become a major concern of human society. Belonging to the last untouched and pristine terrestrial ecosystems on earth, tropical forests in particular are a central issue of many conservation movements. Safeguarding global biological diversity has been widely approved as a political goal throughout the global community with forests playing a major role. Large and rare animals and pictures of burned forests have strengthened the belief in the moral and ethic injustice currently taking place in the tropics. Yet, we have to consider that this point of view originates in western society and mainly remains widely accepted in the developed world where for the most part no tropical forests exist. In contrast to the (partly) intact and less degraded forest ecosystems of the tropics, in the highly developed countries of the northern hemisphere large parts of temperate forest ecosystems have long vanished and been replaced by anthropogenic landscapes. This change in lan d use has resulted in the creation of severely transformed ecosystems fundamental for the economic and social development. These include, for instance, agricultural, pastoral, industrial and urban landscapes. The long time that has passed since their clearance often leaves temperate forests out of the current investigation on deforestation patterns. Rather, scientists concentrate on patterns of tropical deforestation, which is currently the most alarming regarding the net loss of forest cover. Generally, land degradation occurs to a great extent in forested areas since about 25% of total land degradation is associated with broad-leaved forests and 17% with boreal forests (UNEP 2007). With the severity of the consequences of global deforestation becoming evident, environmental and economic science is increasingly addressing the issue. Just recently, beginning in the late 1980s, environmental economists have been publishing new thoughts on valuing the environment and considering its ecological functions in economic decision-making (see de Groot 1987, 1992; Daily 1997; Costanza et al. 1997; among others). Nowadays, the interdependence and importance of forest ecosystem functions and services is widely accepted throughout scientific and economic literature. This development has raised the general awareness of the importance of well functioning and sustainably managed forests and has augmented the acceptance of forest conservation movements (at least in western societies). Supp orted by new technologies, such as satellite imagery and remote sensing methods, the study of deforestation processes and spatial patterns of deforestation has been facilitated at various levels and different scales at affordable costs. By using new technologies and approaches, many studies have been conducted in an attempt to estimate the extent of deforestation and to explain its causes. A great amount of studies focuses on the processes of tropical deforestation which is doubtlessly most alarming at the moment. However, other studies have approached deforestation from a global perspective and also for temperate forest ecosystems in particular. In light of the ongoing debates on deforestation, this paper first defines forest degradation and deforestation and then explores potential misunderstandings of such definitions. This discussion is followed by an analysis of the causes of global deforestation process and concludes with some key findings for tropical as well as temperate deforestation patterns. 2 Defining forest degradation and deforestation Drawing on the publication by the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) (2009), the following section will shortly present the debate on the definition of forest degradation and deforestation in a global context. As the number of studies and policy instruments concerning forest degradation and deforestation are numerous it is necessary to establish a common language in order to draw mutual conclusions and to find applicable solutions. Being a serious environmental, social and economic problem, forest degradation and deforestation are issues of major concern discussed at various political levels as well as by the public. As consequences of deforestation become evident not only on the local but also on the global scale, finding consensus among different parties is of great importance for responding adequately to a daunting challenge. The definition of forest degradation and deforestation, however, is technically and scientifically difficult to define because it is viewed and perceived differently by various stakeholders who might have different objectives regarding forest use or conversion. Furthermore, discrepancies in the definition can have implications on forest related policy making processes as well as on the monitoring and enforcement of policies (FAO 2009). The FAO report argues that forest-related definitions [à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦] which are outcomes of international processes are policy tools and can have major economic, social and environmental implications (FAO 2009, p. 8). Besides monitoring purposes, forest-related definitions also determine financial flows and the allocation of financial incentives for various purposes (e.g. restoration or improvement measures, projects under the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) or the Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Degradation (REDD) program) (FAO 2009). 2.1 Deforestation Deforestation describes the process of land use change from forest to non-forest (FAO 2009). However, this quite simple definition based on certain thresholds of deforestation has the potential to cause conflicts when the individual factors are evaluated. Different nations, international organizations or ethnic groups might have differing perceptions and definitions of forest or non-forest. Drawing on the definition provided by the FAO, forests are defined as land spanning more than 0.5 hectares with trees higher than five meters and a canopy cover of more than ten percent, or trees able to reach these thresholds in situ (FAO 2005, p. 16). This definition does not include land that is predominately under agricultural or urban use (FAO 2004). Furthermore, deforestation can occur on different spatial and temporal scales which will be discussed later in the following section. 2.2 Forest degradation While deforestation is relatively easy to define, much more effort is required to define forest degradation. In 2002, a symposium of international forestry-related organizations consisting of the FAO, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), the Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR), the International Union of Forest Research Organizations (IUFRO) and the United Nations Environment Program (UNEP) agreed on a common definition of forest degradation, defining it as the reduction of the capacity of a forest to provide goods and services (FAO 2009a, p. 9). This process occurs within the forest and negatively affects the characteristics of the forest, which can be of structural or functional nature and which determine the capacity to provide goods and services. Defining the latter two terms well is a challenging and demanding task. The definition can be comprehensible for one party but could be understood very differently or be misunderstood. For instance, with r egard to the REDD mechanism, forest degradation considers particularly the reduction in carbon stocks within a forest (FAO 2009b). However, there is still a lack of practically applicable approaches to measure the extent of forest degradation because the existing definition is not an operational formulation due to different perceptions of what forest degradation furthermore entails (FAO 2009). Therefore, the United Nations Forum on Forests (UNFF) has called for greater harmonization of internationally applicable definitions related to forests to facilitate monitoring and reporting on progress towards the achievement of the global objectives on forests and sustainable forest management [à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦](FAO 2009, p. 8). 3 Processes of deforestation As described above, deforestation is a process of change in land use. Although it is currently being addressed widely at different political levels as well as by the public, it is not a new phenomenon. Since humankind began to control fire and to domesticate animals, forests needed to be cleared for various purposes. However, among great parts of western society forests nowadays are being valued very differently than even a hundred years ago. Scientific progress, environmental awareness, technical innovations and deliberative policies have made clear that deforestation has become an important and global issue. The following section shortly depicts the process of deforestation after which the underlying causes for this development and typical observable spatial patterns of deforestation will be presented. In general, it can be distinguished between natural and anthropogenic disturbance processes. Natural interferences occur naturally in the environment, in contrast to anthropogenic interferences which are human induced. While natural stresses occur rather on a small to medium scale and are of relatively short term, anthropogenic disturbances often occur on a medium to large scale and are long term processes. The former include forest clearances by natural wildfires, wind (storms), extreme weather events or changing climatic conditions (though being argued to be human induced). The latter includes timber extraction, pastoral uses, small shifting cultivation plots, induced forest fires and large scale forest conversion activities. Anthropogenic disturbances can either be intentional (direct), e.g. logging or land conversion, or unintentional (indirect), e.g. introduction of invasive species (FAO 2009). However, forest disturbance regimes become less predictable once natural and anthropo genic factors combine (FAO 2009). The two factors are often dependent on each other and combinations can be complex and take various forms. For instance, anthropogenic impacts on forest structure and dynamics in tropical mountain regions can have severe consequences for downstream areas during naturally occurring storm events in the form of floods and landslides. Further, human impacts influence the vulnerability of forests to degradation from natural causes, can negatively affect the successional regeneration process in naturally disturbed forests, and naturally occurring drought periods can be the cause for large scale forest fires ignited by escaped land clearing fires (Goldammer 1992). Moreover, global ecological feedback mechanisms can have far reaching impacts on anthropogenic forest interferences (Goldammer 1992); this will be addressed later in the paper. Usually, forest degradation is associated with a reduction of the vegetative cover (Lund 2009 in FAO 2009). Considering forest degradation as a continuous internal process caused either by natural or human induced disturbances, various thresholds can be defined, for example, in terms of percentage of canopy cover. Thus, when passing a certain threshold, a forest can be classified into various levels of degradation and eventually, when reaching a high level of openness, the forest cannot longer be defined as a forest (i.e. 10% canopy cover), although administratively it still might be considered forest land (FAO 2009). Deforestation can occur abruptly in a very short period of time by simply removing the lands tree cover. Under those circumstances, the forest is usually cleared for the purpose of land conversion for other forms of land use or for the substitution by monoculture plantations of exotic tree species. This form of deforestation, if sufficiently large, is easily detectable by remote sensing (FAO 2009). However, deforestation can also occur over a longer period of a subsequent forest degradation process caused by disturbances which vary in terms of severity, quality, origin, extent and frequency. The impacts occur on varying spatial and temporal scales and are dependent on the type and specific characteristics of the forest (FAO 2009). Its detection and measurement is relatively difficult as it implies a long-term loss of biomass, productivity or species composition that is difficult to assess, especially the impacts on soils, water, nutrients, biodiversity and the landscape. (FAO 2009, p. 13). Yet, forest degradation is not inevitably a prerequisite for deforestation. Forests can also exist as degraded forests for a long period of time without reaching the level of deforestation (Angelsen et al. 2008). 4 Causes for deforestation Various direct and indirect causes for tropical deforestation exist (Geist and Lambin 2002). Drawing on an earlier publication by the two authors (2001), the results are based on the analysis and interpretation of 152 subnational case studies within the tropics. Direct or proximate causes are human activities or immediate actions at the local level [à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦] that originate from intended land use and directly impact forest cover (Geist and Lambin 2002, p. 143). Indirect causes or underlying driving forces are fundamental social processes [à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦] that underpin the proximate causes and either operate at the local level or have an indirect impact from the national or global level (p. 143). In other words, direct causes for deforestation are the actual physical impacts on forest cover that degrade the forest or convert it to other forms of land use. Indirect causes, on the other side, are institutional arrangements or socio-demographic forces which facilitate the existence and emergence of the direct causes. At the proximate level, the results clearly show that deforestation in the majority of cases is caused by multi-factorial terms, that is, a combination of direct causes rather than by a single variable. The four single causes are (decreasing in relevance): agricultural expansion, infrastructure extension, wood extraction and other factors (land characteristics, biophysical drivers and social trigger events). The most frequent combination of direct causes is the agricultural wood extraction infrastructure expansion combination that ultimately leads to deforestation (3-factor term of causation) (Geist and Lambin 2001). However, it is questionable to just project this result to the entire tropical forest biome. Each individual case of (small to large scale) deforestation can have a distinct history of the cause or need to change the land use form and might statistically not be represented in the current literature. Likewise, at the underlying, institutional level tropical deforestation is associated with synergetic driver combinations rather than individually operating forces. The five single driving forces are (decreasing in relevance): Economic factors, policy and institutional factors, technological factors, cultural factors, demographic factors (Geist and Lambin 2001). Here, the indirect factors are in the majority operating at the 5-factor term of causation, that is, all underlying factors together are argued to be driving deforestation in more than a third of all cases. In Lambin and Geist (2003), the two authors discuss regional differences in tropical deforestation in more detail. In fact, they argue that the processes of humid tropical deforestation in the three most important areas, namely Latin America, Southeast Asia and Africa, can vary to a great extent. Reasons for the regional differences are derived from three sets of factors: the environmental and land-use history, the particular combination of causes triggering and driving land-use change, and the feedback structure, that is the social and ecological responses to land-cover changes (p.24). Though, Rudel (2006) distinguishes more precisely the most important tropical forest areas (Central America the Caribbean, South America, West Africa, Central Africa, East Africa, South Asia, and Southeast Asia) and depicts a detailed image of the relevant agents of deforestation (road builders, corporate loggers, forest managers, reserve advocates, urban enterprises and consumers). He argues that wh ile the size of the forest area decreases, the agents of change adjust their behaviour and act differently in respect to the actual forest size. The authors main conclusions can be shortly summarized as follows. As forests decline in size roads are ceased to be built, corporate enterprises stop exploiting the forests, community forest management becomes more effective, protected forest areas become less applicable for conservation measures, and degraded sites are reforested by urban consumers (Rudel 2006). Thus, the causes for deforestation and land use change are not static and since all factors are interdependent it is difficult to assess causes in a biome wide or global perspective. However, the quite general conclusions that are drawn by Geist and Lambin for the three major tropical forest areas (Latin America, Southeast Asia, and Africa) must be viewed cautiously. For instance, an extensive and diverse area such as central and western Africa is reviewed by means of only 19 case studies from eight countries. The results then are treated non-exclusive, are thus assumed to be comparable (although being quantitative as well as qualitative) and are used for drawing representative conclusions on the entire tropical Africa (Geist and Lambin 2001). Furthermore, the definition of deforestation that is used by the authors must be viewed critically since they use a broad and inclusive (Geist and Lambin 2001, p.17) definition which considers not only forest conversion (à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦) but also different types of [forest] degradation (p.17). Nevertheless, Geist and Lambin (2001, 2002, 2003) provide a good overview of the existing causes for deforestation in the tropics an d relate underlying and direct causes (as well as accompanying occurrences) before they conclude with a quantification of the causative linkages. Also, they discuss the strengths and weaknesses of their chosen methodology and address potential biases and ambiguities to the reader adequately (2001, p. 17 ff). Also, it is important to stress the importance of roads or access in general to (remote) forest areas, which is a prerequisite for large scale anthropogenic interferences. This is true not only in the tropical forest biome but also in the temperate forest biome. In many logistic regression models for the assessment of deforestation patterns, the distance to roads is a major factor and closely related to deforestation processes (Mertens and Lambin 1997; Altamirano and Lara 2010; Echeverria et al. 2008; Wilson et al. 2005; among others). Although agricultural expansion is mentioned to be the most significant cause for deforestation, it should be mentioned that the intensification of agricultural practices, however, can have a positive effect on remaining forests since productivity increases and the pressure of expansion thus is reduced (cf. Barbier 2001). As the global human population and the demand for food and agricultural products increase, the importance of agriculture must not be neglected and should be incorporated into policy responses. In his book Logjam Deforestation and the Crisis of Global Governance, David Humphreys (2006) shortly describes the European deforestation process from an institutional economics perspective. He argues that, in contrast to Garret Hardins theory of the tragedy of the commons, common property regimes are crucial for the conservation of forest public goods (such as watershed protection or climate regulation) as long as land tenure rights and legal ownership are secured. Likewise, Elinor Ostrom (2002) argues similarly in her essay Reformulating the Commons and identifies several requisite attributes for the resource system and the appropriators in order for efficient self-governing associations to form. The most important attributes mentioned are the spatial extent of the resource system, the salience or dependence of the appropriators on the resource for a major portion of their livelihood, trust and reciprocity and autonomy, among others (Ostrom 2002, p. 5). Common property regimes can be defined as institutional arrangements for the cooperative (shared, joined, collective) use, management, and sometimes ownership of natural resources. (McKean 2000 in Humphreys 2006, p. 4). Humphreys (2006) states that in Europe the common use of forests under public ownership was widely respected until the Middle ages when the aristocracy and political elites organized the systematic and widespread displacement of commoners from common land, and the subsequent enclosure of this land by fencing (p. 6), thus, changing the property regime from public to private. Then, with the rise of the centralized state during the 16th to 18th century, forests were further enclosed and exploited with timber as a steady revenue source. In central Europe soon only few species were considered economically profitable. By conserving only economically valuable species, this instrumental, utilitarian and abstractionist logic eroded biodiversity in the forest and promoted the development of scientific f orestry [à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦] (Humphreys 2006, p. 6). This socioeconomic development, an increasing demand for timber and fuel wood and a steadily growing population promoted the exploitation of temperate forests across Europe and lead to the degradation of the forest public goods which were considered unproductive in economic terms. The practices of enclosure and scientific forestry were later also brought to the European colonies in Africa, Asia, Australia and the Americas (Humphreys 2006) where currently remaining pristine tropical forests are experiencing a similar trend. To sum up this paragraph, again I use the words of David Humphreys since they convincingly make a point and cannot be formulated better. Enclosure during the medieval and colonial eras degraded and destroyed forest commons across the world. Forest degradation in the 20th and 21st centuries has rarely been due to poorly functioning common property regimes. It is invariably the result of the enclosure of commons by s tate and private interests, who overexploit the forests for economic gain and who have a totally different relationship to the forest than the commoners whom they displaced. (p. 7). 5 Spatial change patterns Only as recent as the last 150 years have tropical forests experienced a drastic human induced change in terms of forest cover and species composition in contrast to many temperate forest ecosystems which have experienced severe and large scale changes for much longer. While vast areas of tropical forest were still without anthropogenic pressure, temperate forest landscapes (in Europe i.e.) were, in relation to available land area, highly populated and forest ecosystems largely impacted and altered (Potapov et al. 2009). Today, it is estimated that over one half of the temperate forest biome has been fragmented or removed by humans, in comparison to nearly one quarter of the tropical forest biome (Wade et al. 2008) Tropical forests have recently experienced a constant loss of forest area. Achard et al. (2002) estimated a loss of tropical forest of 0.52 % for the period 1990-1997 and Hansen et al. (2008) estimated that 1.39 % of the total tropical forest area were lost between 2000 and 2005. Temperate forests, however, recently experience neither large net gains nor losses in forest area and some areas even show an increase in forest cover (FRA 2010). For the tropics, six general spatial patterns of the forest/non-forest interface were developed by Husson et al. (1995) which were used for example in Mertens and Lambin (1997) or Geist and Lambin 2001. The six types of patterns are: geometric, corridor, fishbone, diffuse, patchy, and island. Geometric patterns are related to large-scale clearings for modern sector activities, corridor patterns to roadside colonization by spontaneous migrants, fishbone patterns to planned resettlement schemes (yet limited to the Brazilian Amazon), diffuse patterns to smallholder or traditional subsistence agriculture, patchy patterns to high population density areas with residual forest patches, and island patterns to (peripheral) urban areas (Geist and Lambin 2001, p.66). Such spatial patterns are easily detectable once the deforestation process occurs quickly and when the connectedness of the forest area was large hitherto. These characteristics are more likely to be found in the tropical moist bro adleaved forest type (especially in South America and Africa (Wade et al. 2003)) and thus the spatial models depicted here are more adequate to be used in the tropical forest biome. Source: Geist and Lambin (2001), p. 66 For the temperate forest biome (here: Europe) Estreguil and Mouton (2009, p. 6) present four different and typical patterns of forest loss. Drawing on publications by Forman (1995) and Bogaert et al. (2004) they characterize local spatial forest loss by a) attrition (the disappearance of patches), b) shrinkage (decrease of the size of remaining patches), c) perforation (cleared holes within forest patches), and d) fragmentation (braking up of forest areas). Source: Estreguil and Mouton (2009), p. 7 6 Consequences of deforestation The consequences of deforestation can cause local scale and far reaching ecological feedback mechanisms such as atmospheric, hydrological and climatic changes (Goldammer 1992) and can furthermore have implications on the socio-economic environment. This, in turn, affects the whole forest ecosystem at large scale and in the long run. Regarding the current debate on a changing global climate, forests are of major concern since they serve as a great sink for atmospheric carbon. The wooden and photoactive biomass as well as forest soils sequester large amounts of atmospheric carbon. In comparison, forests store and sequester more carbon than any other terrestrial ecosystem (Gibbs et al 2007). A great amount of the total human induced global carbon emissions is argued to be released from forest degradation and deforestation; a great amount in tropical regions since here deforestation rates are currently most striking. Calculations that not even include tropical forest fires estimate the amount of carbon released at 10-25% of the total human induced carbon emissions (Santilli et al. 2005; Houghton 2003). The proportion of carbon released by forests fires and burning of biomass is still difficult to determine but is practically responsible for great amounts of carbon and other harmful substances released into the atmos phere (Goldammer 1992; Houghton 2003). While tropical deforestation processes are estimated to significantly add to global carbon emissions and act as a source, temperate forests of the northern hemisphere are considered a carbon sink (Heath et al. 1993 in Potapov 2009; Goodale et al. 2002 in Houghton 2003). 7 Forest rehabilitation At any level of degradation, forest conditions can be improved and the process of degradation halted or even reversed. Essential for the rehabilitation of degraded forests are silvicultural or protection measures on degraded forest land or reforestation measures on non-forest land. These rehabilitation measures must be adapted to the specific ecological conditions of each individual area. If successful, those measures might eventually lead to a level of non-degraded forest (FAO 2009). In general, tropical forest rehabilitation is more complicated and requires more efforts than in temperate forests. From an institutional perspective, the implementation of rehabilitation or conservation measures by corporate enterprises is seldom achieved on a voluntary basis because (tropical) forests are mostly characterized by open access conditions and forest ecosystem services are public goods. Only if secure property rights are allocated, monitored and enforced and incentives for action are being provided are such measures more likely to be realized. Moreover, forest degradation and deforestation can be argued to be negative externalities that are often neglected by forestry or agricultural enterprises or even small-scale users. David Humphreys (2006) puts it as follows: While corporations are effective in supplying private goods, their efficacy in public good provision is highly questionable. Corporations have one overwhelming responsibility, namely to maximize shareholder value. This is a fiduciary responsibility in private law in most countries [à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦] (and) rationalizes both t he internalization of monetary benefits and the systematic externalization of social and environmental costs. (p. 11). For those ecologically negative externalities to be considered during decision making processes adequate policies and governance structures are required. In our current capitalist system of neoliberal economic policies, an ecologically and socially sustainable economy will be very difficult to achieve, if not impossible. 8 Conclusion The scientific progress towards an understanding of ecological forest processes and deforestation patterns has recently fueled the debate on the true value of intact forest ecosystems. With the recent tendency of accelerated anthropogenic forest conversion into other land uses, the impacts of considerable small-scale disturbances along with large-scale conversions accumulate to such an extent that they become measurable on a regional and even global level. Although forest ecosystems are of central importance regarding the economic development especially in humid tropical countries, Hansen et al. (2008) argue that forest governance is still impaired by a lack of timely information on forest cover change. They conclude that a mixed strategy for monitoring should include data at multiple temporal and spatial resolutions (p. 9443) providing a feasible and cost-effective methodology to produce timely, precise, and internally consistent estimates of biome-wide forest clearing (p. 9443) (Hansen et al. 2008). However, global governance on forest ecosystems is currently not sufficiently developed. A biome-wide assessment of the forest development must therefore be viewed critically. Rather, a decentralized assessment of the causes and processes of deforestation should be aimed at to find appropriate political answers to halt deforestation and promote a socially and environmentally sustainable forest management. Goldammer (1992) points out that a reliable assessment of tropical forest development requires detailed knowledge of interacting ecological processes, namely the consideration and connection of small-scale impacts with large-scale feedback mechanisms. Thus, not underestimating the social importance forests play, a comprehensive understanding of deforestation processes and patterns requires an interdisciplinary approach from an ecosystem perspective that considers ecological, economic and social sciences. Word count: 4558 (list of references excluded)

Rate of Isomerism of [Co(en)2Cl2] Essay

In the course of this experiment the rate of isomerism for the coordination complex cis[Co(en)2Cl2]Cl was determined using UV/Vis spectrometry. Using a range of wavelengths the optimum spectrometer setting for analysis was identified. The corresponding maximum and minimum absorbance of the cis and trans isomers respectively at 540 nm meant that it was selected as the wavelength to determine the rate of conversion between the isomers. The first order rate constant was calculated to be 0.0092 m-1 which is somewhat similar to the literature value of 0.00845 m-1 (Brasted and Hiriyama 1958). The half-life (t 1/2) was found to be 75.34 minutes. Introduction: The compound [Co(en)2Cl2]+ is known as a coordination complex, that is, it consists of a Cobalt atom surrounded by an array of molecules to which it is bound, called ligands (Brown 2010). In this case the ligands are Ethylenediamine which are ‘bidentate’, meaning bound in two locations. These ligands are bonded between the two Nitrogen atoms as seen in figure 1 below. This complex occurs in two geometric isomers, cis-[Co(en)2Cl2] + and trans-[Co(en)2Cl2] +. In this experiment the Chloride salt form of the complexes were used i.e. cis-[Co(en)2Cl2]Cl. Figure 1: The Trans and Cis isomers of [Co(en)2Cl2]+ Source: Shapter ,J. 2014 Experiment 1: Rate of Isomerism cis[Co(en)2Cl2]Cl, Flinders University, Australia The Cis- isomer form of the complex which is purple in solution reacts to form the Trans- isomer which is green in solution. This experiment uses spectroscopy to quantify the conversion of the Cis into the Trans isomer due to the fact that the concentration of the Cis isomer is proportional to the difference in absorbance of the two complexes in solution. This isomerism of the Cis-form is a first order reaction and its rate is expressed in equation 1 below. Equation 1: By measuring the optical densities at time 0, t and infinity the rate constant k can be determined with equation 2, a rearranged and substituted form of the formula used above. Equation 2: a) Which rearranges to give: b) Experimental: Solutions of 2 Ãâ€" 10-3 M Cis- and Trans-[Co(en)2Cl2]Cl were prepared and placed in volumetric flasks of 100 ml and 10ml volumes respectively. Samples of these solutions were placed in cuvettes and measured in a spectrometer over the range of wavelengths between 350 and 700 nm. The Varian Car 50 UV-Vis spectrometer recorded the absorbance of the two isomers and produced a print out which was used to identify the correct wavelength for further spectroscopy (see Appendix 1). Using the SP – 880 Metertech spectrometer, the absorbance was measured and recorded as seen in Table 1. Next the Cis isomer solution was warmed in a water bath at 40 degrees Celsius and a sample was taken and cooled in an ice bath. The absorbance of the sample was then measured using the wavelength previously selected. This was repeated at ten minute intervals for an hour. Finally a last sample of the cis[Co(en)2Cl2]Cl was analysed with the spectrometer 24 hours after to determine the value. Results: Table 1: Absorption of the Two Isomers at Various Wavelengths Wavelength (nm) Cis Trans 350 0.468 0.144 360 0.289 0.090 370 0.207 0.087 380 0.180 0.091 390 0.170 0.091 400 0.466 0.397 410 0.123 0.070 420 0.092 0.057 430 0.066 0.049 440 0.049 0.047 450 0.041 0.048 460 0.043 0.048 470 0.049 0.045 480 0.061 0.039 490 0.076 0.031 Wavelength (nm) Cis Trans 500 0.093 0.025 510 0.110 0.020 520 0.124 0.017 530 0.134 0.017 540 0.137 0.020 550 0.134 0.025 560 0.129 0.034 570 0.122 0.044 580 0.116 0.055 590 0.065 0.109 600 0.102 0.071 610 0.095 0.075 620 0.085 0.074 630 0.073 0.067 640 0.060 0.055 650 0.049 0.049 660 0.035 0.038 670 0.026 0.028 680 0.018 0.020 690 0.013 0.013 700 0.009 0.008 Figure 1: Absorbance against Wavelength of Cis and Trans Isomers Table 2: Absorbance of Cis Isomer at 540 nm Time (min) Cis Abs ln[Dt-D∞] y = -0.01104 X – 2.40936 10 0.117 -2.51331 -2.519758607 20 0.108 -2.63109 -2.630158414 30 0.100 -2.74887 -2.74055822 40 0.093 -2.8647 -2.850958026 50 0.089 -2.93746 -2.961357833 60 0.082 -3.07911 -3.071757639 t ∞ 0.036 Figure 2: Natural Logarithm of the Cis Isomer Absorbance against Time Table 3: Slope, Y intercept and Regression Error Generated by Linest Function -0.01104 -2.40936 0.00036364 0.014162 0.995679 0.015212 921.711268 4 0.21329205 0.000926 Calculations: Mass of Cis Isomer Required to Make 2 x 10-3 M 100ml M = Mass/(Volume Ãâ€" Molar Mass) Mass req. = 2 Ãâ€" 10-3 Ãâ€" ((100/1000) Ãâ€" 285) = 57mg Mass of Trans Isomer Required to Make 2 x 10-3 M 10ml M = Mass/(Volume Ãâ€" Molar Mass) Mass req. = 2 Ãâ€" 10-3 Ãâ€" ((10/1000) Ãâ€" 285) = 5.7mg k k = (ln[D0-D∞] -ln[Dt-D∞]) / t k = 0.0092 m-1 ln[Dt-D∞] ln[D0-D∞] -3.0718 -2.5198 Half life t 1/2 = ln[2/k] = 75.3422 min Error Propagation: Measured weight of isomers Cis 56.7mg Trans 5.7mg Resolution of Scales ‘Satorius Extend’: 0.1mg Volumetric glassware 100ml  ± 0.1 ml ‘A’ Class 10ml  ± 0.025 ml ‘A’ Class Discussion: Methanol was used as a solvent in this experiment to avoid the chemical interactions that may have occurred had water been used in its place (Mahaffy 2011). In the initial solution of the Cis isomer accuracy wasn’t as important as it was being measured to find the optimal wavelength for analysis as seen in Figure 1 and Appendix 1. Preparation of the Cis Isomer solution measured to produce Figure 2 required a mass of the compound as close as possible to the calculated amounts (See Results – Calculations) in order to produce results that allowed for the accurate determination of the rate constant (k) and half-life (t1/2). The relationship between k and t1/2 is that k is a factor in the formula of t1/2 (See Results – Calculations) and determines what unit of time that the half-life is expressed in (in this case minutes-1). Figure 1 plots the absorbance of the two isomers against the various wavelengths from 350nm 700nm. From this graph the wavelength of 540nm was id entified as the ideal to be used to determine the reaction rate of the isomers. This was due to the local maxima of the Cis isomer at this  point which coincides with the local minima of the Trans isomer. This data is confirmed by the printout of the Varian Car 50 UV-Vis spectrometer which also marked the 540nm point on its plot (see Appendix 1). This clear difference in absorption of the two isomers at this wavelength meant that the rate of inter-conversion could be determined. The graph of the natural logarithm of the absorbance of the Cis isomer against time can be seen in figure 2. By observing the points on the plot a straight line of decay confirms that this reaction is first order, a logarithm of the measured absorbance values (Christian 2010). Calculations were carried out on the data in table 2 to determine the k and t1/2 (see Results – Calculations). The k value calculated of 0.0092 m-1 roughly matches the figure generated by the linest function 0.01104m-1 (see Table 3, top left) and is also similar to the literature value of 0.00845m-1. With the calculated k value of 0.0092 the t1/2 was determined to be 75.3422 minutes. Slight variations between the k value calculated from the points in figure 2 and that generated by the linest function can be accounted for by the fact that the linest function is a calculate d line of best fit and so does not fit the data points collected exactly but is an approximation. The slight difference between the literature value of k 0.00845m-1 and the calculated k of 0.0092m-1 can be accounted for by human error in time, volume and mass measurement. The range of error in this measurement is  ±0.00075 which is the difference between the calculated and literature values. Conclusion: In this experiment the rate constant (k) was determined to be 0.0092m-1  ±0.00075 and the t1/2 was calculated to be 75.3422 minutes. References: Brasted, R. Hirayama C. 1958 The cis-trans Isomeration of Dichlorbis-(ethylenediamine)-cobalt(III) Chloride and Dichlorbis-(propylenediamine)-cobalt(III) Chloride in Alcohols, Journal of Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota. Vol. 80 pp 788 – 794. Brown, T. LeMay H. Bursten, B. Murphy, C. Langford, S. & Sagatys D. 2010. Chemistry: The Central Science, Pearson, Australia. pp 1196 – 1197. Christian, G. 2010. Analytical Chemistry 6th Ed., John Wiley & Sons, USA. pp 159, 270 – 271. Mahaffy, P. Bucat, B . Tasker, R. Kotz, J. Treichel, P. Weaver, G. & McMurry, J. 2011. Chemistry: Human Activity, Chemical Reactivity, Nelson Education, Canada. pp 99, 115 – 116. Appendices: Appendix 1: Figure 3: Absorbance of Cis and Trans Isomers at Various Wavelengths (Varian Car 50 UV-Vis spectrometer)

Intro to MT

What is Medical Technology? Branch of laboratory medicine which deals with the diagnostic or therapeutic applications of science and technology. Also known as Clinical Laboratory Science A dynamic healthcare profession that deals with the study and practice of diagnostic laboratory medicine. Ruth Heinemann (1963) The application of principles of natural, physical, and biological sciences to the performance of laboratory procedures which aid in the diagnosis and treatment of diseases.Anna Fagelson (1961) The branch of medicine concerned with the performance of laboratory determinations and analyses used in the diagnosis and treatment of the disease and the maintenance of health. Walters The health profession concerned with performing laboratory analyses in view of obtaining information necessary in the diagnosis and treatment of disease as well as in the maintenance of good health.Republic Act NO. 5527 An auxiliary branch of laboratory medicine which deals with the examination by vari ous chemical, microscopic, bacteriologic and other medical laboratory procedures r technique which will aid the physician in the diagnosis, study, and treatment of disease and in the promotion of health in general.Medical Technologist A person who engages in the work of medical technology under the supervision of a pathologist or licensed physician authorized by the Department of Health in places where there is no pathologist and who having passed the prescribed course (Bachelor of Science in Medical Technology/Bachelor of Science in Public Health) of training and examination is registered under the provision of this Act. Nature of Work Medical Technologists perform complex chemical, biological, hematological, immunologic, microscopic, and bacteriological analyses, including: Microscopically examine blood and other body fluids.Make cultures of body fluid and tissue samples to determine the presence of bacteria, tungi, parasites, or other microorganisms. Analyze samples tor chemical content or a chemical reaction and determine concentrations of compounds such as blood glucose and cholesterol levels. Type and cross match blood samples for transfusions. Evaluate test results, develop and modify procedures, and establish and monitor rograms to ensure the accuracy of tests.In what way will it be of help and importance to our society? To improve the management of health conditions using various means of identifying the causes and nature of diseases. To aid other health professionals in decision-making as well as in therapeutic directions; Ultimately to deliver an excellent patient care and improve the quality of life. Field of Specialty Hematology Clinical Chemistry Clinical Microscopy (Parasitology) Microbiology (Bacteriology, Mycology) Blood Bank & Transfusion Practices